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UBER TYTAN

ARTISTARIUM

A Series of Texts on Mediaeval Logic, Grammar

Semantics

EDITORS

L. M. de RIJK

E. P. BOS

Leiden

G. BRAAKHUIS

C.H.KNEEPKENS

Nijmegen

Vol. 1: L. M. de Rijk, Anonymi auctoris franciscani Logica ,,Ad rudium" (edited from

the MS Vat. lat. 946), Nijmegen 1981

Vol. 2: Ralph of Beauvais, Glose super Donat um, ed. C.H. Kneepkens, Nijmegen 1982

Vol. 3: L. M. de Rijk, Some 14th Century Tracts on the Probationes terminorum

(Martin of Alnwick O.F.M., Richard Billingham, Edward Upton and others),

Nijmegen 1982

Vol. 4: Johannes Buridanus, Questiones longe super Librum Perihermeneias, ed. Ria

van der Lecq, Nijmegen 1983

Vol. 5: John of Holland, Four Tracts on Logic (Suppositiones, Fallacie, Obligationes,

lnsolubilia), ed. E. P. Bos, Nijmegen 1985

Vol. 6: Thomas Bricot, Tractatus Insolubilium, ed. E. J. Ashworth, Nijmegen 1986

Vol. 7: L. M. de Rijk, Some Earlier Parisian Tracts on Distinctiones sophismatum,

Nijmegen 1988

Vol. 8: Ralph of Beauvais, Liber Tytan, ed. C.H. Kneepkens, Nijmegen 191

SUPPLEMENTA to ARTISTARIUM:

Vol. I: English Logic and Semantics, from the End of the Twelfth Century to the Time

of Ockham and Burleigh, Nijmegen 1981

Vol. II: Mediaeval Semantics and Metaphysics. -

1 ••

s - --

- M.

Nijmegen 1985

Vol. III: Logos and Pragma. Essays on the Philosophy of Language in Honour of

Professor Gabriel Nuchelmans, Nijmegen 1987

Vol. IV: Ockham and Ockhamists, Nijmegen 1987

Vol. V: Peter of Spain on Composition and Negation, by Joke Spruyt, Nijmegen 1989

Vol. VI: John Buridan's Tractatus de infinito, ed. J.M.M.H. Thijssen, Nijmegen 1991

ARTISTARIUM

8-----

RALPH OF BEAUVAIS

LIBER TYTAN

edited with an introduction,

notes and indices

C.H. KNEEPKENS

Nijmegen

lngenium Publishers

1991

ISBN 90 70419 31 9

Netherlands.

by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other means without written per-

mission from the publisher.

PRINTED by KRIPS REPRO MEPPEL, THE NETHERLANDS.

PREFACE

The last decades have shown a marked increase in the study of mediaeval

grammatical thought. This interest in mediaeval linguistics has not only been confined

to the historians of grammar. Many questions, too, were raised by historians of

philosophy and theology, struggling with the semantic approach which the mediaevals

used in their theological and philosophical discussions to solve many of the chief

issues within their own disciplines. The works of

inter alios

Chenu, De Rijk, Pinborg,

Haring, Henry and De Libera may be referred to in this respect. This emphasis had

a formative influence on modem research into mediaeval grammatical thought. It has

resulted in a considerable, albeit somewhat biased, interest in one of the most

important achievements of the mediaeval mind: speculative grammar.

Alongside the mediaeval curiosity for advanced linguistics existed a grammatical

activity of a lower, less theoretically oriented level, which provided the basis for the

general instruction of almost every educated man of the period. At this level, the

study of the

auctores,

the authors of Antiquity, and the reading of the Bible were the

stimulating forces. Indeed, the study of grammar and stylistics, especially that of the

figures of speech, had become a prerequisite to the study of the Bible in the Latin

West.

Obviously, grammar instruction at this level had a rather more prescriptive than

speculative character. However, notwithstanding the fact that this part of the

mediaeval linguistic household held its own domain, it did not live in splendid

isolation nor was it entirely autonomous.

in modem times, the achievements of

. advanced research slowly filtered through to the level of secondary grammar

instruction. In its tum the preoccupation with the

auctores,

the rhetorical devices and

deviant speech which needed to be explained with the help of grammar, rhetoric and

logic, was one of the germs for Roger Bacon's particular form of linguistics in the

thirteenth century.

The present edition of the

Liber yYtan

of Ralph of Beauvais intends to contribute

to our knowledge of twelfth-century grammar as it was practised at the level of

secondary instruction. The text offered is based on a collation of all the extant

manuscript material. The edition is preceded by a short introduction to the life and

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