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A Python Book

A Python Book: Beginning Python, Advanced

Python, and Python Exercises

Author:

Dave Kuhlman

Contact:

dkuhlman@davekuhlman.org

Address:

http://www.davekuhlman.org

Page 1

A Python Book

Revision

1.3a

Date

December 15, 2013

to the provisions of the Open Source MIT License

http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mitlicense.php.

Abstract

This document is a selflearning document for a course in Python programming.

This course contains (1) a part for beginners, (2) a discussion of several advanced

topics that are of interest to Python programmers, and (3) a Python workbook with

lots of exercises.

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A Python Book

Contents

1 Part 1 Beginning Python...........................................................................................10

1.1 Introductions Etc...................................................................................................10

1.1.1 Resources.......................................................................................................11

1.1.2 A general description of Python....................................................................12

1.1.3 Interactive Python..........................................................................................15

1.2 Lexical matters......................................................................................................15

1.2.1 Lines..............................................................................................................15

1.2.2 Comments......................................................................................................16

1.2.3 Names and tokens..........................................................................................16

1.2.4 Blocks and indentation..................................................................................16

1.2.5 Doc strings.....................................................................................................17

1.2.6 Program structure..........................................................................................17

1.2.7 Operators.......................................................................................................18

1.2.8 Also see.........................................................................................................19

1.2.9 Code evaluation.............................................................................................19

1.3 Statements and inspection preliminaries...........................................................20

1.4 Builtin datatypes.................................................................................................21

1.4.1 Numeric types................................................................................................21

1.4.2 Tuples and lists..............................................................................................21

1.4.3 Strings............................................................................................................24

1.4.3.1 The new string.format method...............................................................26

1.4.3.2 Unicode strings......................................................................................27

1.4.4 Dictionaries....................................................................................................29

1.4.5 Files...............................................................................................................32

1.4.6 Other builtin types........................................................................................35

1.4.6.1 The None value/type..............................................................................35

1.4.6.2 Boolean values.......................................................................................36

1.4.6.3 Sets and frozensets.................................................................................36

1.5 Functions and Classes A Preview......................................................................36

1.6 Statements.............................................................................................................37

1.6.1 Assignment statement....................................................................................37

1.6.2 import statement............................................................................................39

1.6.3 print statement...............................................................................................41

1.6.4 if: elif: else: statement...................................................................................43

1.6.5 for: statement.................................................................................................44

1.6.6 while: statement.............................................................................................48

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A Python Book

1.6.7 continue and break statements.......................................................................48

1.6.8 try: except: statement.....................................................................................49

1.6.9 raise statement...............................................................................................51

1.6.10 with: statement.............................................................................................52

1.6.10.1 Writing a context manager...................................................................52

1.6.10.2 Using the with: statement....................................................................53

1.6.11 del................................................................................................................54

1.6.12 case statement..............................................................................................55

1.7 Functions, Modules, Packages, and Debugging....................................................55

1.7.1 Functions.......................................................................................................55

1.7.1.1 The def statement...................................................................................55

1.7.1.2 Returning values....................................................................................55

1.7.1.3 Parameters..............................................................................................56

1.7.1.4 Arguments..............................................................................................56

1.7.1.5 Local variables.......................................................................................57

1.7.1.6 Other things to know about functions....................................................57

1.7.1.7 Global variables and the global statement.............................................58

1.7.1.8 Doc strings for functions.......................................................................60

1.7.1.9 Decorators for functions........................................................................60

1.7.2 lambda...........................................................................................................61

1.7.3 Iterators and generators.................................................................................62

1.7.4 Modules.........................................................................................................67

1.7.4.1 Doc strings for modules.........................................................................68

1.7.5 Packages........................................................................................................68

1.8 Classes...................................................................................................................69

1.8.1 A simple class................................................................................................69

1.8.2 Defining methods..........................................................................................70

1.8.3 The constructor..............................................................................................70

1.8.4 Member variables..........................................................................................70

1.8.5 Calling methods.............................................................................................71

1.8.6 Adding inheritance........................................................................................71

1.8.7 Class variables...............................................................................................72

1.8.8 Class methods and static methods.................................................................72

1.8.9 Properties.......................................................................................................74

1.8.10 Interfaces.....................................................................................................75

1.8.11 Newstyle classes.........................................................................................75

1.8.12 Doc strings for classes.................................................................................77

1.8.13 Private members..........................................................................................77

1.9 Special Tasks.........................................................................................................77

1.9.1 Debugging tools.............................................................................................77

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A Python Book

1.9.2 File input and output......................................................................................78

1.9.3 Unit tests........................................................................................................80

1.9.3.1 A simple example..................................................................................80

1.9.3.2 Unit test suites........................................................................................81

1.9.3.3 Additional unittest features....................................................................83

1.9.3.4 Guidance on Unit Testing......................................................................85

1.9.4 doctest............................................................................................................85

1.9.5 The Python database API..............................................................................87

1.9.6 Installing Python packages............................................................................88

1.10 More Python Features and Exercises..................................................................89

2 Part 2 Advanced Python............................................................................................90

2.1 Introduction Python 201 (Slightly) Advanced Python Topics.......................90

2.2 Regular Expressions..............................................................................................90

2.2.1 Defining regular expressions.........................................................................90

2.2.2 Compiling regular expressions......................................................................91

2.2.3 Using regular expressions..............................................................................91

2.2.4 Using match objects to extract a value..........................................................92

2.2.5 Extracting multiple items..............................................................................93

2.2.6 Replacing multiple items...............................................................................94

2.3 Iterator Objects......................................................................................................96

2.3.1 Example A generator function....................................................................98

2.3.2 Example A class containing a generator method......................................100

2.3.3 Example An iterator class.........................................................................102

2.3.4 Example An iterator class that uses yield.................................................104

2.3.5 Example A list comprehension.................................................................105

2.3.6 Example A generator expression..............................................................105

2.4 Unit Tests............................................................................................................106

2.4.1 Defining unit tests........................................................................................106

2.4.1.1 Create a test class.................................................................................106

2.5 Extending and embedding Python......................................................................109

2.5.1 Introduction and concepts............................................................................109

2.5.2 Extension modules.......................................................................................110

2.5.3 SWIG...........................................................................................................112

2.5.4 Pyrex............................................................................................................115

2.5.5 SWIG vs. Pyrex...........................................................................................120

2.5.6 Cython.........................................................................................................120

2.5.7 Extension types............................................................................................122

2.5.8 Extension classes.........................................................................................122

2.6 Parsing.................................................................................................................122

2.6.1 Special purpose parsers...............................................................................123

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