Medieval Warfare Magazine 2019-04-05 Vol.IX Iss.01.pdf

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IN THIS ISSUE:
ENGLAND AGAINST FRANCE AT THE BATTLE OF AGINCOURT (1415)
MEDIEVAL WARFARE
VOL IX, ISSUE 1
MW
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APR / MAY 2019
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A NEW LOOK AT
Where was the battle actually fought?
THE FAILED CRUSADE OF 1101
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EDWARD II AND THE GREAT FAMINE
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ARROWS AND ARROWHEADS
FAMOUS WOMEN WARRIORS
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MEDIEVAL MILITARY ENGINEERS
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TALES FROM THE COUNT’S COURT
13:27:43
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74470 80639
AGINCOURT
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MEDIEVAL WARFARE
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THEME:
THE BATTLE OF AGINCOURT
We know the who, when and why behind the events at Agincourt. In
this issue, we take a fresh look at exactly where the battle took place.
18
Fully armoured
The English man-at-arms at Agincourt
34
The French plan at Agincourt
There should be a large 'battle'...
20
Where was Agincourt fought?
Finding a missing battlefield
FEATURED ARTICLES
6
The crusade of 1101
A much less successful sequal
40
Arrows and arrowheads
Modern testing of a medieval weapon
12
A knightly drinking party
Taking the Castle of Thurie
42
Lagertha, Joan of Arc, and more
The intrigue of the female warrior
14
"Alas! I die from hunger!"
Military provisioning in the Great Famine
48
Castle builders, castle breakers
Military engineers in the Middle Ages
DEPARTMENTS
4
Marginalia
Opinions and medieval news
58
Further reading
Books and articles on Agincourt
54
In civilian garb
Non-military films of the medieval world
6
42
THE CRUSADE OF 1101
Following the First Crusade, new armies
invade the Middle East, with less success.
WOMEN WARRIORS
Lagertha, Joan of Arc and Matilda of Tus-
cany - in medieval and modern eyes.
Medieval Warfare IX-1
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CONTENTS
MARGINALIA
BY PETER KONIECZNY
Editorial
One of the things I enjoy best about history
is that we can debate it. Different people can
look at the same texts or artefacts and come
to different conclusions. As new evidence is
found, or old evidence re-analyzed, ideas
and facts that have remained in place for
generations can be changed.
Historians can challenge each other and
offer new ideas, including in the field of me-
dieval warfare. This issue will feature a new
theory on where the Battle of Agincourt was
fought in 1415. It is one of the most famous
battles of the Middle Ages, and since the
nineteenth century, historians have believed
it took place on a particular site. Michael
Livingston’s article will offer a different loca-
tion, and he has some compelling evidence
to back up his claims. He now places it into
the public record for historians to examine
and debate his evidence. That is what makes
history so much fun – being able to think
about the past and bring forth new ideas.
Editor,
Medieval Warfare
Peter Konieczny
Merlin the General
A chance discovery, hidden away in a series
of sixteenth-century books deep in the ar-
chive of Bristol Central Library, has revealed
original manuscript fragments from the Mid-
dle Ages that tell part of the story of Merlin
the magician, one of the most famous char-
acters from Arthurian legend.
The seven hand-written parchment frag-
ments were found bound inside a four-volume
edition of the works of the French scholar and
reformer Jean Gerson (1363-1429), which
was printed in Strasbourg between 1494 and
1502. It was likely that the books were bound
when they arrived in the early sixteenth cen-
tury, and that the manuscript fragments may
simply have been languishing in the binder's
workshop amongst a selection of ‘waste ma-
terials’ that were often used in bindings in this
period. Parchment was often re-used in this way
because it was a costly item – it wasn’t always
worth using brand new clean sheets for inci-
dental purposes such as in bindings.
The seven leaves come from a thirteenth-
century account known as
the
Suite Vulgate de Merlin
(Vulgate Continuation of
Merlin). Events begin with
Arthur, Merlin, Gawain,
and assorted other knights,
including King Ban and
King Bohors, preparing for
battle at Trèbes against King
Claudas and his followers.
Merlin has been
strategizing the best plan
of attack. There follows a
long description of the battle. At one point
Arthur’s forces look beleaguered, but a
speech from Merlin urging them to avoid
cowardice leads them to fight again, and
Merlin leads the charge using Sir Kay’s spe-
cial dragon standard that Merlin had gifted to
Arthur, which breathes real fire. In the end,
Arthur’s forces are triumphant. Kings Arthur,
Ban, and Bohors, and the other knights, are
accommodated in the Castle of Trèbes.
That night Ban and his wife, Queen
Elaine, conceive a child. Elaine then has a
strange dream about a lion and a leopard,
the latter of which seems to prefigure Elaine's
yet-to-be-born son. Ban also has a terrifying
dream in which he hears a voice. He wakes
up and goes to church.
We are told that during Arthur’s stay in
the kingdom of Benoic for the next month,
Ban and Bohors are able to continue to fight
and defeat Claudas, but after Arthur leaves to
look after matters in his own lands, Claudas
is once again triumphant.
The narrative then moves to Merlin’s
partial explanation of the dreams of Ban and
Elaine. Afterwards, Merlin meets Viviane,
who wishes to know how to put people to
sleep (she wishes to do this to her parents).
Merlin stays with Viviane for a week, ap-
parently falling in love with her, but resists
sleeping with her. Merlin then returns to Be-
noic to rejoin Arthur and his companions.
In the newly discovered fragments, there
tend to be longer, more detailed descriptions
of the actions of various characters in certain
sections – particularly in relation to battle
Detail from one of the
fragments showing the
name 'Merlin'.
© Photo courtesy University
of Bristol
4
Medieval Warfare IX-1
© Scott Louden, The Scotsman
Archaeologist Samuel Kinirons with the find.
Discovery at Edinburgh Castle
An excavation in the Old Town of Edinburgh has unearthed rare remains of a large carved stone, similar in appearance to a
cannonball, dating to the thirteenth century. It is thought the ball was launched from a trebuchet, either from or towards the
ramparts of Edinburgh Castle, in the period of the siege of Edinburgh in 1296. A significant event in Scottish history, the siege
saw King Edward I capture Edinburgh Castle and hold it under English rule for 18 years. The find was made by archaeologists
from AOC Archaeology, who continue to investigate the site, which is scheduled to become a hotel.
Richard Conolly, of CgMs Heritage, who is managing the dig, explained, “As archaeologists, most of our work deals
with the remnants of day-to-day life. So, it is really exciting for the team to find something that potentially provides a direct
link to an historic event and a specific date. The siege only lasted three days – we don’t often get that kind of precision in our
dating. It is also a reminder that it was not just the castle that was involved in the siege; the
surrounding town must also have taken a battering.”
“This is an exciting new discovery which helps contribute to our understanding of
Edinburgh Castle’s remarkable history,” added Nick Finnigan, Executive Manager at Edin-
burgh Castle, “particularly during the Wars of Independence. Edinburgh Castle has been
besieged more than any other castle in the UK and it’s incredible that we are still uncover-
ing artefacts from these historic sieges.”
action. Where Merlin gives instructions for
who will lead each of the four divisions of
Arthur’s forces, the characters responsible for
each division are different from in the ver-
sion of the narrative we know.
Leah Tether of the University of Bristol,
one of the members of the team that made the
discovery, explained, “There are many more
differences, too, but because of the damage to
the fragments, it will take time to decipher their
contents properly, perhaps even requiring the
use of infrared technology. We are all very ex-
cited to discover more about the fragments and
what new information they might hold.”
She added, “These fragments of the sto-
ry of Merlin are a wonderfully exciting find,
which may have implications for the study
not just of this text but also of other related
and later texts that have shaped our modern
understanding of the Arthurian legend.
“Time and research will reveal what fur-
ther secrets about the legends of Arthur, Merlin,
and the Holy Grail these fragments might hold.”
π
ON
V
THE COVER
his soldiers
Henry plans with
for the upcoming Battle of Ag-
incourt. The English ruler still
bear the scar from his wound
during the Battle of Shrewsbury,
fought twelve years earlier.
Medieval Warfare IX-1
5

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