57 OPERATION RESTORE HOPE US MILITARY INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA AND THE BATTLE OF MAGADISHU, 1992-1994.pdf

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A F R I C A @
W A R 57
•
RE
VISED
EDITI
ON
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RESTORE HOPE
US MILITARY INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA
AND THE BATTLE OF MOGADISHU, 1992-1994
OPERATION
Peter Baxter
CONTENTS
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Text © Peter Baxter 2013, 2022
Colour aviation pro les©P ablo Albornoz,
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2022
Colour map © Tom Cooper 2022
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term ‘Congo’ designates the area of the former Belgian colony of the Congo Free State,
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also known as Congo-Brazzaville.
Glossary
Introduction
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
The United Nations in Somalia
United Task Force (UNITAF)
UNOSOM II
Task Force Ranger
The Battle of Mogadishu
And Now What?
Build-up and Withdrawal
An African Solution for African Problems
2
3
12
14
27
33
38
43
46
54
Appendices
I
UH-60 Black Hawk Speci cations
II Chronology 3/4 October 1993
III US Rangers
IV Ranger Creed
Notes
60
61
62
63
64
AFRICA@WAR
VOLUME IX:
AFRICA@WAR
VOLUME 57
SOMALIA—US INTERVENTION, 1992–1994
GlOSSary
AC-130
– Lockheed gunship
ARFOR –
Army Force Somalia
AWWSS
– Authorized Weapons Storage Site
‘Black Sea’
– A central market district in the heart of Aidid’s
(SNA) sector of Somalia
C-130
– Hercules transport aircraft
CENTCOM
– US Central Command
CIA
– Central Intelligence Agency
CINCCENT
– Commander in Chief, US Central Command
COMUSFORSOM
– Command US Forces Somalia
CSAR
– combat search and rescue
HRO
– Humanitarian Relief Organization
HUMINT
– Human Intelligence
ISE
– Intelligence Support Element
JOC
– Joint Operations Centre
JSOC
– Joint Special Operations Command
JSOT
– Joint Special Operations Tactics
JSOTF
– Joint Special Operations Task Force
JTF
– Joint Task Force Somalia
K4
– Kilometer 4, a key traffic circle in Mogadishu and a
junction of several major roads
khat
– a narcotic plant widely used in Somalia
‘Mad Mullah’ –
the name given to early Somali resistance leader
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
MARFOR
– Marine Force Somalia
MEF
– Marine Expeditionary Force
MEU
– Marine Expeditionary Unit
NCO
– non-commissioned officer
NGO
– non-governmental organization
OAU
– Organization of African Unity
OPCON
– operational control
POTF
– Psychological Operations Task Force
QRF
– quick reaction force
Redcon 1
– full alert level
RPG –
rocket-propelled grenade
Schutztruppe
– German native colonial unit
SEAL
– Sea/Air/Land US Naval Special Forces
‘skinny’
– pejorative military term for Somali militiaman
SNA
– Somali National Alliance
SNF
– Somali National Front
SNM
– Somali National Movement
SPM
- Somali Patriotic Movement
SSDF
– Somali Salvation Democratic Front
SSF
– Somali Salvation Front
TACON
– tactical control
Triangle of Death
– the most famine-affected region of
Somalia, between Mogadishu, Baidoa and Bardera
UN
– United Nations
UNITAF
– United Task Force
UNOSOM
– United Nations Operation in Somalia
USAF
– United States Air Force
USC
– United Somali Congress
USFORSOM
– US Forces Somalia
USSOCOM
– United States Special Operations Command
German soldiers onboard an armoured personnel carrier (APC) on hand for the dedication of a well, which they dug for the Somalis. Germany's
defence minister dedicated the well as part of his nation’s contribution to the relief effort.
2
2
INTRODUCTION
OPERATION RESTORE HOPE: US MILITARY INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA AND THE BATTLE OF MOGADISHU, 1992-1994
INTrODUCTION
Me and my clan against the world, me and my brother against the
clan, me against my brother
– Somali proverb
In 1855, British soldier, explorer, author and essayist, Richard
Francis Burton, attempted the first organized exploration of
Somalia. He travelled in the company of a handful of fellow British
army officers, including his long-time companion and part-time
antagonist, John Speke, with whom he would later break over that
great geographic conundrum of the time, the source of the Nile.
The journey had no sooner begun, than the large travelling party
was attacked by some 300 natives who overran the camp in the
dead of night, creating general mayhem and severely injuring both
Burton and Speke. Speke was wounded eleven times, and Burton
himself suffered the very unpleasant experience of a spear through
both cheeks, knocking out four teeth and piercing his palate.
Thanks to a barb on the blade, Burton was unable to remove the
head of the spear, which he then endured embedded in his face for
several days until he was able to make his way to the British Red
Sea port of Aden.
It is fair to assume that this experience would have jaded him
somewhat in his opinions of the Somalis, but even with this
in mind, and despite several Kiplingesque attempts to forgive
the noble savage his savagery, his later published account,
First
Footsteps in East Africa,
is rich with observations of the general
violence, duplicity and debilitating self-interest that appeared to
characterize the Somali clansman at the time.
In character, the Isa [a Somali clan] are childish and docile,
cunning, and deficient in judgment, kind and fickle, good-
humoured and irascible, warm-hearted, and infamous for
cruelty and treachery.
1
This outside view of Somalia has been similarly expressed
in countless chronicles ever since, even those written under
the rules of absolute political correctness. For example, US
academic Jonathan Stevenson, one of a great many writers who
Above: Richard Francis Burton
Left: John Hanning Speke
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