FundamentalsOfWargamingMcHugh.pdf

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THE UNITED STATES NAVAL WAR COLLEGE
FUNDAMENTALS
OF WAR
GAMING
by
v,
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Francis J. McHughg
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APR I
71
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3rd Edilion:
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NAVAL
WAR
COLLEGE
Newport, R.I.
1 March 1966
FOREWORD
*
This publication presents a descriptioniof the fundamentals
of war gaming, its history, and some of the techniques employed
in war games.
It is intended primarily for the use of resident
students at the U.S. Naval War College.
It should also provide
a
source of background information for other military officers
and researchers concerned with war gaming.
Fundamentals of War Gaming is the work of Mr. Francis J.
McHugh, Operations Research Analyst of the Staff of the War
Gaming Department at the Naval War College.
Mr. McHugh has
long been a war gaminy enthusiast and has been closely asso-
ciated with war gaming at the College for many years.
The Naval War College is deeply indebted to the various
authors and publishers whose worlds have been used in preparing
this text.
SUBMITTED:
H. F. FISCHER,
4K.
Director, War Gaming Department
APPROVED:
F. H.
SCHNEIDER
Chief of Staff
* .. ,-.-i.*•
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION TO WAR GAMES
....
.
PAGE
...
1-1
Simulation
.....
.................
Conflict Situation
....
...........
War Games
........
................
Models
.........
..................
War Game Models
.....
.........
Other Elements
.........
...............
War Game Director or Controller .....
Control Group
.....
.............
Players
........
.................
Spectators
.......
................
The Purpose
.....
...............
Specific Purpose or Purposes .........
Types
........
.................
General Purpose
....
..........
.
Scope and Level
.
.....
............
Number of Sides
..............
Amournt of Intelligence.
..........
Methods of Evaluation
...
..........
Basic Simulation Techniques
.......
...
...
..
..
.
1-1
1-2
1-2
1-4
1-5
.
..
..
..
....
..
...
...
.
.
1-7
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-10
1-11
1-13
1-13
.
..
..
.
1-13
1-16
1-17
1-18
1-21
Mixed Simulation Methods ............
Other Methods of Classification .....
The Value of War Games .............
Limitations
......
...............
Game Theory
.
.. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ..
II
HISTORY OF WAR GAMES
....
............
...
..
..
..
. . .
.
.
1-22
1-23
1-25
1-29
1-31
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-2
2-3
..
..
..
..
. .
.
Chess
..........
.................
Military or War Chess
...
..........
Vogue of Military Mathematics ......
Introduction of Additional Features
Early War Games
....
.............
..
New Methods of Evaluation .........
.
..
German War Games, 1880 to World
War II
......
.................
...
Japanese Use of War Games ..........
..
Allies, Woxld War
1.
.............
....
War Games in the United States
......
...
Gaming at the Naval War College
........
2-6
2-11
2-13
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-42
S111
CHAPTER
III
RULES,
PROCUL
If 3,
AbNTD
DAT1 ............
...
.
PAGE
3-1
3-1
3-8
The Conflic: Situation ............
Conduct of the Game . .........
Kinds of Rules .................
Amount of Detail
....
............
.................
Models
......
Basic Game Cycle
....
............
Moves .
.
.
.................
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
.
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-10
3-11
Function of the Rules; ..........
Evolution of the Rules ............
..................
Data
.......
.............
Umoires
.......
..............
Probability
.....
Expected-Value Models ...........
...........
Stochastic Models
...
............
Choice of Models
....
IV
MANUAL GAMES
.....
...............
3-15
3-16
3-21
3-25
.
..
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
..
...
..
3-28
3-31
3-32
3-32
4-1
4-1
4-3
4-5
4-9
4-10
4-24
4-27
4-28
4-31
...............
Advantages
.....
.............
.
Limitations .
Simulation Requirements. .........
............
The Duel Game
.....
Naval War College Board Games ......
Submarine Tactical Game ..........
Hexagonal Grid Systems ............
Naval War College Chart Games .....
Command and Staff Department
.............
Manual Game
...
The Schoc of Naval Warfare
Strategic Game
....
............
Naval Command Course Manual Game.
JCS Politico-Military Desk Games.
Landing Force War Game (LFWG) .....
TACSPIEL and THEATERSPIEL ........
...............
Monopologs
.....
Other Manual Games ..............
.
..
.
..
...
4-34
4-37
4-39
4-41
4-42
4-45
4-47
..
..
...
...
iv
I
CHAPTER
PAGE
THE NEWS AND NEWS GAMING
....
.........
...
5-1
V
..
5-1
...........
History of the NEWS
....
5-3
The War Gaming Department
...............
..
5-4
General Description of the NEWS .....
...
5-8
Area of Operations
....
............
..
5-8
..................
Forces
...........
..
5-11
.............
Command Centers
.....
... 5-17
Command Headquarters
....
..........
5-17
...
.............
Umpire Area
.......
Communications, Control, and
5-24
....
Equipment Rooms ...........
... 5-28
The NEWS Damage Computer ...........
..
5-31
...........
System Capabilities
....
..
5-32
.......
Equipment Limitations
.....
.
5-33
Scaling Factors. and Other Gimmicks.
.
5-35
............
Manual Techniaues
.........
..
5-36
...........
Types of NEWS Games
....
Curriculum Games
.........
..........
..
5-37
..
5-46
.............
Fleet Games
.........
..
5-50
..........
Game Desig-.i and Rules
....
5-52
..................
Rules
...........
..
5-53
...............
Programming
.......
..
5-55
................
Participants
......
... 5-56
Briefings and Rehearsals ............
..
5-56
Critiques and Post Game Reports .....
5-57
..............
Demonstrations.
....
VI
COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER GAMES ...........
..............
Rigid Umpiring
......
Rigid-play Games
.....
.............
Development of Computing Devices
and Systems ..................
Binary
Representation
.
........
...
..
..
6-1
6-1
6-4
6-6
6-9
............
Digital Computers
......
.............
Stored Programs
......
Developing a Program
....
...........
..........
Programming Languages
....
............
Computer Processing
....
v_
6-14
..
6-15
... 6-16
...
-19
6-19
I

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