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Are Face Masks Effective? The Evidence.
Updated:
August 2021
Published:
July 2020
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Technologia
An overview of the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of face masks.
Contents: A)
Published studies
⇓
B)
Real-world evidence
⇓
C)
N95/FFP2 masks
⇓
D)
Additional
aspects
⇓
E)
The aerosol issue
⇓
F)
Contrary evidence
⇓
G)
Mask-related risks
⇓
H)
Conclusion
⇓
A) Studies on the effectiveness of face masks
So far, most studies found little to no evidence for the effectiveness of face masks in the general population,
neither as personal protective equipment nor as a source control.
A May 2020 meta-study on pandemic influenza published by the
US CDC
found that face masks had
no effect, neither as personal protective equipment nor as a source control. (Source)
2.
A
Danish randomized controlled trial
with 6000 participants, published in the Annals of Internal
Medicine in November 2020, found no statistically significant effect of high-quality medical face masks
against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a community setting. (Source)
3.
A large randomized controlled trial with close to 8000 participants, published in October 2020
inPLOS
One,
found that face masks “did not seem to be effective against laboratory-confirmed viral
respiratory infections nor against clinical respiratory infection.” (Source)
4.
A February 2021 review by the
European CDC
found no high-quality evidence supporting the
effectiveness of non-medical and medical face masks in the community. Furthermore, the European CDC
advised against the use of FFP2/N95 masks by the general public. (Source)
5.
A July 2020 review by the
Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
found that there is no
evidence for the effectiveness of face masks against virus infection or transmission. (Source)
6.
A November 2020
Cochrane review
found that face masks did not reduce influenza-like illness (ILI)
cases, neither in the general population nor in health care workers. (Source)
7.
An April 2020 review by two US professors in respiratory and infectious disease from theUniversity
of Illinois
concluded that face masks have no effect in everyday life, neither as self-protection nor to
protect third parties (so-called source control). (Source)
8.
An article in the
New England Journal of Medicine
from May 2020 came to the conclusion that
face masks offer little to no protection in everyday life. (Source)
9.
A 2015 study in the British Medical Journal
BMJ Open
found that cloth masks were penetrated by
97% of particles and may increase infection risk by retaining moisture or repeated use. (Source)
10.
An August 2020 review by a
German professor
in virology, epidemiology and hygiene found that
there is no evidence for the effectiveness of face masks and that the improper daily use of masks by the
public may in fact lead to an increase in infections. (Source)
For a review of studies claiming face masks are effective, see section F) below.
1.
B) Development of cases after mask mandates
In many states, coronavirus infections strongly increased after mask mandates had been introduced. The
following charts show the typical examples of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain, the
UK, California and Hawaii. Furthermore, a direct comparison between US states with and without mask
mandates indicates that mask mandates have made no difference.
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