BBC English 2000
Lekcja 057 - MAPPING OUT DNA
Encoded in our genes are the instructions for life - the building blocks of DNA that determine nearly everything about us, from our eye-colour, to the diseases we might be prone to. A worldwide effort is underway to map out the three billion DNA building blocks that form our genetic make-up. It is hoped that the information can be used to develop treatments for a whole host of diseases, including cancer, arthritis, diabetes and heart disease.
mapping out DNA mapowanie chromosomów
encoded zakodowany
building blocks cegiełki, klocki
DNA kwasy dezoksy-rybo-nukleinowe
to determine określać, decydować
prone to skłonny, mający skłonność, podatny na
underway w toku, w trakcie realizacji
to map out opracować mapę, mapować
genetic make-up wyposażenie/budowa genetyczna
to develop treatments opracować metody leczenia
host mnogość, mnóstwo
cancer rak
arthritis zapalenie stawów
diabetes cukrzyca
heart disease choroby serca
Lekcja 058 - WHAT MAKES US HUMAN
We are related to all living organisms through our DNA. We even share 75% of our genome with pumpkins! The difference in the genetic blueprint that builds a person or a pumpkin is not a large one. And when it comes to animals, the affinity between them and us is even greater. Take a chimpanzee, for example. His and our genetic blueprints are almost identical, with a mere 1.5% difference between them. So, what makes humans human and chimps chimps is decided by differences in the make-up of just a few genes we share.
Man's best friend - the dog - gets the same diseases we do. So, analysing the dog's genome helps identify genes responsible for diseases in humans. Dogs and humans share genes for a number of illnesses: blindness, diabetes and some cancers.
human ludzki, człowieczy
to be related być spokrewnionym
genome genom
blueprint matryca, wzorzec
pumpkin dynia
affinity bliskość, podobieństwo
to share dzielić
blindness ślepota
Lekcja 059 - GAY GENE
The first evidence for a gay gene was published in 1993, amid massive publicity. The study looked at families with more than one homosexual member. The first thing they discovered was that in these families there were more relatives on the mother's side who were homosexual, than on the father's side. This suggested that there was something in the X-chromosome that might contribute to having homosexual orientation.
They looked at the X-chromosomes of pairs of brothers who were both homosexual to see if they had anything in common genetically that the heterosexual males in the same family did not have. And they found that 33 out of 40 pairs of gay brothers did all possess the same unusual bits of DNA, genetic material, on the X-chromosome. They concluded that this was strong evidence that somewhere there was a gene, or genes, predisposing to male homosexuality.
evidence dowód, dowody
gay gej
publicity rozgłos
study praca (naukowa), studium
relative krewny
orientation orientacja, skłonności, predyspozycje
male mężczyzna lub męski, płci męskiej
to conclude dojść do wniosku
to predispose predestynować
Lekcja 060 - LIFE EXPECTANCY
Scientists tell us that it will soon be normal to live to the age of 130 or more. Already, we are slowing down the ageing process. We are certainly getting healthier. A hundred years ago our life expectancy was around 40 years of age. Today, in the developed world, life expectancy is double that age and is sure to increase.
There is another factor at play now. Scientists are discovering the secrets of our genes. The genes, which cause haemophilia and muscular dystrophy, have already been tracked down. These diseases are disappearing with a lot of other killer diseases. They are disappearing as a result of a relatively new science - the science of genetic engineering.
life expectancy średnia długość życia
ageing process proces starzenia się
developed world kraje wysokouprzemysłowione
factor at play czynnik, który odgrywa rolę; który się liczy
muscular dystrophy zanik mięśni
to track down wytropić, zidentyfikować
killer disease choroba śmiertelna
genetic engineering inżynieria genetyczna
1
Kefasy